Current Status and Conservation Strategies of the Local Varieties of Carica Papaya in the Yucatan Peninsula
Resumen
La Península de Yucatán es un repositorio vivo de biodiversidad, donde las comunidades mayas han desempeñado, históricamente, un papel fundamental en el cultivo, la preservación y la transmisión de conocimientos profundos sobre el manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales, especialmente de especies frutales. Esta investigación analizó la situación actual del estado de conservación, usos tradicionales e importancia ecológica y económica de dos variedades locales de papaya (Carica papaya L.), “cera amarilla” y “mamey”. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y se complementaron con observación participante a 16 productores que contaban con variedades locales además de la variedad comercial Maradol ubicada en los estados de Campeche, Yucatán y Quintana Roo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un profundo conocimiento de estas variedades por parte de los productores, quienes, a pesar de tener una formación académica limitada en el tema, reconocen la importancia cultural, medicinal y ecológica de su conservación. Sin embargo, se identificaron varios desafíos importantes que dificultan la preservación y el cultivo de estas variedades, como la falta de mercado, la baja productividad en comparación con las variedades comerciales y la falta de interés de las nuevas generaciones en involucrarse en su cultivo. Por lo tanto, se pudo concluir la importancia de establecer estrategias integrales que combinen el conocimiento tradicional de la agricultura con enfoques innovadores, promoviendo el desarrollo de mercados adecuados, fortaleciendo el apoyo gubernamental y la participación de las comunidades locales para asegurar la preservación de las variedades locales de papaya “cera amarilla” y “mamey”.
Citas
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Altieri, M.A., C.I. Nicholls and R. Montalba (2017). Technological Approaches to
Sustainable Agriculture at a Crossroads: An agroecological perspective, Sustainability,
9: 349.
Altieri, M. A., and V. M. Toledo. 2011. The agroecological revolution in Latin America: Rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants. The Journal of Peasant Studies 38(3): 587-612.
Asudi, G. O., F. K. Ombwara, F. K. Rimberia, A. B. Nyende, E. M. Ateka, L. S. Wamocho, D. Shitanda and A. Onyango. 2010. Morphological diversity of Kenyan papaya germplasm. African Journal of Biotechnology 9:8754-8762.
Ávila, R. C., G. Hernández S., E. García P., E. Hernández C., F. Palemón A., J. L. Hernández H. and J. Jobo. 2013. Directed collection of the plant genetic resources of Carica papaya L. In: Executive Abstracts. Fiscal Year 2010. National System of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. National Seed Inspection and Certification Service, 121-122. Chapingo, State of Mexico.
Barlow, J., G. D. Lennox, J. Ferreira, E. Berenguer, A. C. Lees, R. Mac Nally, et al. 2016. Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation. Nature 535:144–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18326
Bellon, M.R., A. F. Barrientos-Priego, P. Colunga-García-Marín., H. Perales, J. A. Reyes Agüero, R. Rosales-Serna, D. Zizumbo-Villarreal. 2009. Diversity and conservation of genetic resources in cultivated plants. In: Natural capital of Mexico: State of conservation and trends of change, ed. CONABIO, 2: 355–382. Mexico City: CONABIO.
Brush, S. B. 2004. Farmers' bounty: Locating crop diversity in the contemporary world. Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Caballero, J. 1992. Maya homegardens: past, present and future. Etnoecológica 1:35-54.
Caballero, J., A. Casas, L. Cortés, and C. Mapes. 1998. Patterns in the knowledge, use and management of plants in indigenous peoples of Mexico. Atacameño Studies 16: 181-195.
Chávez-Pesqueira, M., and J. Núñez-Farfán. 2017. Domestication and genetics of papaya: A review. Frontiers Ecology Evolution 5:155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00155
Casas, A., J. Caballero, C. Mapes, and S. Zárate. 1997. Vegetation management, plant domestication and origin of agriculture in Mesoamerica. Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Mexico 61: 31-47.
De Carvalho, M. Â., P. J. Bebeli, A. M. da Silva, E. Bettencourt, J. J. Slaski, S. Dias. 2016. Agrobiodiversity: The importance of inventories in the assessment of crop diversity and their time and spatial changes. In Genetic diversity and erosion in plants, eds. M. R. Ahuja, and S. M. Jain, 307–335. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Evans, E. A., and F. H. Ballen. 2012. An overview of global papaya production, trade, and consumption. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.
Eyzaguirre, P. B., and E. Dennis. 2007. The impacts of collective action and property rights on plant genetic resources. World Development 35(9):1489-1503.
FAO. 2010. The second report on the state of the world’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
FAO. 2021. The state of food and agriculture: Women in agriculture—closing the gender gap for development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
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Howard, P. L. 2003. Women and plants: Gender relations in biodiversity management and conservation. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 1:1-10.
Jarvis, D. I., A. H. D. Brown, P. H. Cuong, et al. 2008. Managing crop genetic diversity on-farm: The neglected resource for food security. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(14): 3165-3180.
Jiménez-Rojas. M. I., R. H. Andueza-Noh, J. Martínez-Castillo, and D. Potter. 2019. Management and cultivation of the Huaya India (Melicoccus oliviformis Kunth) on the Yucatan Peninsula. Economic Botany 73: 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019-09470-3.
Khoury, C. K., A. D. Bjorkman, H. Dempewolf, and P. C. Struik. 2014. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(11): 4001-4006.
Koleff, P., M. Tambutti, I. J. March, R. Esquivel, C. Cantú, A. Lira-Noriega. 2009. Identification of priorities and analysis of gaps and omissions in the conservation of Mexico's biodiversity. In: Natural capital of Mexico: state of conservation and trends of Change, ed. CONABIO, 651–718. Mexico City: CONABIO.
Lobo, M., and C. I. Medina. 2009. Conservation of agrobiodiversity genetic resources to support the development of sustainable production systems. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 10:33–42.
Martin, G. 1997. Ethnobotany. Principles and practices. London: UICN Plants and Peoples.
Meyer, R. S., and M. D. Purugganan. 2013. Evolution of crop species: genetics of domestication and diversification. Nature Reviews Genetics 14:840–852. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrg3605.
Mokganya, M. G., M. P. Tshisikhawe, N. Swelankomo, T. R. Tshivhandekano, L. I. Ramovha, N. A. Masevhe, M. H. Ligavha-Mbelengwa, and T. A. Mocheki. 2018. An evaluation of additional uses of some wild edible fruit plants of the Vhembe district municipality in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Indian Journal Traditional Knowledge 17:276–81
Morales-Payán, J. P., J. Ortiz, and N. Guzmán. 2017. Resilience of local crop varieties in traditional agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems 15:774-81.
Niklas, K. J., and T. E. Marler. 2007. Carica papaya (Caricaceae): a case study into the effects of domestication on plant vegetative growth and reproduction. American Journal of Botany 94: 999–1002. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.6.999
Ruiz Gil, P. J., A. Wegier, V. Alavez, S. Rosas Plaza, J. Núñez Farfán, and M. Chávez Pesqueira. 2023. Wild papaya shows evidence of gene flow from domesticated Maradol papaya in Mexico. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 70(8): 2391-2410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01568-x.
Hernandez-Salinas, G., A. Soto-Estrada, E. García-Pérez, A. Pérez-Vazquez, M. Rocandio-Rodríguez, and L. Córdova-Téllez. 2019. Variación morfológica in situ de Carica papaya L. nativa de México. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 42(1): 47-55.
Swarup, S., E. J. Cargill, K. Crosby, L. Flagel, J. Kniskern, and K. C. Glenn. 2021. Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science 61(2): 839-852.https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20377
Syfert, M. M., N. P. Castañeda-Álvarez, C. K. Khoury, T. Särkinen, C. C. Sosa, H. A. Achicanoy, V. Bernau, J. Prohens, M. C. Daunay, and S. Knapp. 2016. Crop wild relatives of the brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena): poorly represented in gene banks and many species at risk of extinction. American Journal of Botany 103(4): 585-785. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500539
Paz, L., and C. Vázquez-Yanes. 1998. Comparative seed ecophysiology of wild and cultivated Carica papaya trees from a tropical rain forest region in Mexico. Tree Physiology 18: 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.4.277
Pretty, J., B. Adams, F. Berkes, S. Ferreira de Athayde, N. Dudley, E. Hunn, L. Maffi, K. Milton, D. Rapport, P. Robbins, E. Sterling, S. Stolton, A. Tsing, E. Vintinner, and S. Pilgrim. 2009. The Intersections of biological diversity and cultural diversity: Towards Integration. Conservation and Society 7(2): 100–112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26392968
Toledo, V. M., and N. Barrera-Bassols. 2008. La memoria biocultural: La importancia ecológica de las sabidurías tradicionales. Barcelona: Icaria Editorial
Wall, M. M., and S. Tripathi. 2014. Papaya nutritional analysis. In: Genetics and genomics of papaya. eds. R. Ming and P. H. Moore, 377-390. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Allendorf, F. W., G. H. Luikart and S. N. Aitken. 2012. Conservation and the genetics of populations. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Altieri, M.A., C.I. Nicholls and R. Montalba (2017). Technological Approaches to
Sustainable Agriculture at a Crossroads: An agroecological perspective, Sustainability,
9: 349.
Altieri, M. A., and V. M. Toledo. 2011. The agroecological revolution in Latin America: Rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants. The Journal of Peasant Studies 38(3): 587-612.
Asudi, G. O., F. K. Ombwara, F. K. Rimberia, A. B. Nyende, E. M. Ateka, L. S. Wamocho, D. Shitanda and A. Onyango. 2010. Morphological diversity of Kenyan papaya germplasm. African Journal of Biotechnology 9:8754-8762.
Ávila, R. C., G. Hernández S., E. García P., E. Hernández C., F. Palemón A., J. L. Hernández H. and J. Jobo. 2013. Directed collection of the plant genetic resources of Carica papaya L. In: Executive Abstracts. Fiscal Year 2010. National System of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. National Seed Inspection and Certification Service, 121-122. Chapingo, State of Mexico.
Barlow, J., G. D. Lennox, J. Ferreira, E. Berenguer, A. C. Lees, R. Mac Nally, et al. 2016. Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation. Nature 535:144–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18326
Bellon, M.R., A. F. Barrientos-Priego, P. Colunga-García-Marín., H. Perales, J. A. Reyes Agüero, R. Rosales-Serna, D. Zizumbo-Villarreal. 2009. Diversity and conservation of genetic resources in cultivated plants. In: Natural capital of Mexico: State of conservation and trends of change, ed. CONABIO, 2: 355–382. Mexico City: CONABIO.
Brush, S. B. 2004. Farmers' bounty: Locating crop diversity in the contemporary world. Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Caballero, J. 1992. Maya homegardens: past, present and future. Etnoecológica 1:35-54.
Caballero, J., A. Casas, L. Cortés, and C. Mapes. 1998. Patterns in the knowledge, use and management of plants in indigenous peoples of Mexico. Atacameño Studies 16: 181-195.
Chávez-Pesqueira, M., and J. Núñez-Farfán. 2017. Domestication and genetics of papaya: A review. Frontiers Ecology Evolution 5:155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00155
Casas, A., J. Caballero, C. Mapes, and S. Zárate. 1997. Vegetation management, plant domestication and origin of agriculture in Mesoamerica. Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Mexico 61: 31-47.
De Carvalho, M. Â., P. J. Bebeli, A. M. da Silva, E. Bettencourt, J. J. Slaski, S. Dias. 2016. Agrobiodiversity: The importance of inventories in the assessment of crop diversity and their time and spatial changes. In Genetic diversity and erosion in plants, eds. M. R. Ahuja, and S. M. Jain, 307–335. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Evans, E. A., and F. H. Ballen. 2012. An overview of global papaya production, trade, and consumption. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.
Eyzaguirre, P. B., and E. Dennis. 2007. The impacts of collective action and property rights on plant genetic resources. World Development 35(9):1489-1503.
FAO. 2010. The second report on the state of the world’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
FAO. 2021. The state of food and agriculture: Women in agriculture—closing the gender gap for development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Heredia-Pech, M., J. Martínez-Castillo, D. A. Martínez-Natarén, P. Ruiz-Gil, M. I. Jiménez-Rojas, M. M. Ortiz-García, and M. Chávez-Pesqueira. 2024. Effects of domesticated to wild gene flow on the genetic structure and diversity of wild papaya (Carica papaya L.) in its Mesoamerican diversity area. Genetics 153(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-024-00223-2
Howard, P. L. 2003. Women and plants: Gender relations in biodiversity management and conservation. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 1:1-10.
Jarvis, D. I., A. H. D. Brown, P. H. Cuong, et al. 2008. Managing crop genetic diversity on-farm: The neglected resource for food security. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(14): 3165-3180.
Jiménez-Rojas. M. I., R. H. Andueza-Noh, J. Martínez-Castillo, and D. Potter. 2019. Management and cultivation of the Huaya India (Melicoccus oliviformis Kunth) on the Yucatan Peninsula. Economic Botany 73: 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019-09470-3.
Khoury, C. K., A. D. Bjorkman, H. Dempewolf, and P. C. Struik. 2014. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(11): 4001-4006.
Koleff, P., M. Tambutti, I. J. March, R. Esquivel, C. Cantú, A. Lira-Noriega. 2009. Identification of priorities and analysis of gaps and omissions in the conservation of Mexico's biodiversity. In: Natural capital of Mexico: state of conservation and trends of Change, ed. CONABIO, 651–718. Mexico City: CONABIO.
Lobo, M., and C. I. Medina. 2009. Conservation of agrobiodiversity genetic resources to support the development of sustainable production systems. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 10:33–42.
Martin, G. 1997. Ethnobotany. Principles and practices. London: UICN Plants and Peoples.
Meyer, R. S., and M. D. Purugganan. 2013. Evolution of crop species: genetics of domestication and diversification. Nature Reviews Genetics 14:840–852. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrg3605.
Mokganya, M. G., M. P. Tshisikhawe, N. Swelankomo, T. R. Tshivhandekano, L. I. Ramovha, N. A. Masevhe, M. H. Ligavha-Mbelengwa, and T. A. Mocheki. 2018. An evaluation of additional uses of some wild edible fruit plants of the Vhembe district municipality in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Indian Journal Traditional Knowledge 17:276–81
Morales-Payán, J. P., J. Ortiz, and N. Guzmán. 2017. Resilience of local crop varieties in traditional agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems 15:774-81.
Niklas, K. J., and T. E. Marler. 2007. Carica papaya (Caricaceae): a case study into the effects of domestication on plant vegetative growth and reproduction. American Journal of Botany 94: 999–1002. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.6.999
Ruiz Gil, P. J., A. Wegier, V. Alavez, S. Rosas Plaza, J. Núñez Farfán, and M. Chávez Pesqueira. 2023. Wild papaya shows evidence of gene flow from domesticated Maradol papaya in Mexico. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 70(8): 2391-2410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01568-x.
Hernandez-Salinas, G., A. Soto-Estrada, E. García-Pérez, A. Pérez-Vazquez, M. Rocandio-Rodríguez, and L. Córdova-Téllez. 2019. Variación morfológica in situ de Carica papaya L. nativa de México. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 42(1): 47-55.
Swarup, S., E. J. Cargill, K. Crosby, L. Flagel, J. Kniskern, and K. C. Glenn. 2021. Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science 61(2): 839-852.https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20377
Syfert, M. M., N. P. Castañeda-Álvarez, C. K. Khoury, T. Särkinen, C. C. Sosa, H. A. Achicanoy, V. Bernau, J. Prohens, M. C. Daunay, and S. Knapp. 2016. Crop wild relatives of the brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena): poorly represented in gene banks and many species at risk of extinction. American Journal of Botany 103(4): 585-785. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500539
Paz, L., and C. Vázquez-Yanes. 1998. Comparative seed ecophysiology of wild and cultivated Carica papaya trees from a tropical rain forest region in Mexico. Tree Physiology 18: 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.4.277
Pretty, J., B. Adams, F. Berkes, S. Ferreira de Athayde, N. Dudley, E. Hunn, L. Maffi, K. Milton, D. Rapport, P. Robbins, E. Sterling, S. Stolton, A. Tsing, E. Vintinner, and S. Pilgrim. 2009. The Intersections of biological diversity and cultural diversity: Towards Integration. Conservation and Society 7(2): 100–112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26392968
Toledo, V. M., and N. Barrera-Bassols. 2008. La memoria biocultural: La importancia ecológica de las sabidurías tradicionales. Barcelona: Icaria Editorial
Wall, M. M., and S. Tripathi. 2014. Papaya nutritional analysis. In: Genetics and genomics of papaya. eds. R. Ming and P. H. Moore, 377-390. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Publicado
2025-06-27
Sección
Artículos en extenso
Derechos de autor 2025 MONICA JIMENEZ ROJAS, Fátima Duarte Ake, Mauricio Herrera Pech, Carlos David Hernández Pinto (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0.
